渔获量不确定性对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源评估的影响

大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)是最具经济价值的热带金枪鱼类,其资源状况一直是区域性金枪鱼渔业管理组织关注的重点。由于多种渔业作业、捕捞船队构成复杂,印度洋大眼金枪鱼的历史渔获量统计存在一定的偏差(Bias),但国际上近些年开展资源评估时都忽略了这一偏差。本研究根据1979~2015年的年渔获量、年龄结构渔获量及相对丰度指数数据,运用年龄结构资源评估模型(ASAP)对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源进行评估,重点考查渔获量的不确定性(观测误差和统计偏差)对资源评估结果的影响。结果显示,印度洋大眼金枪鱼当前资源总体没有过度捕捞,但2015年初显示轻微的过度捕捞,通过对比基础模型与8个灵敏度分析模型的评估结果发现,渔获量观测误差(CV)的预设对资源开发状态的判断有一定的影响。当渔获量统计偏差调整量为15%时(即历史渔获量被低估了),评估结果与基础模型基本一致;统计偏差调整量为20%时,评估结果有过度捕捞的趋势。本研究结果表明,资源评估模型中渔获量观测误差的设定和历史渔获量统计偏差均会对评估结果产生影响,后者更为明显,因此,二者均不能忽略。     

First isolation of Vibrio tapetis and an atypical strain of Aeromonas salmonicida from skin ulcerations in common dab (Limanda limanda) in the North Sea

Skin ulcerations rank amongst the most prevalent lesions affecting wild common dab (Limanda limanda) with an increase in prevalence of up to 3.5% in the Belgian part of the North Sea. A complex aetiology of these ulcerations is suspected, and many questions remain on the exact factors contributing to these lesions. To construct the aetiological spectrum of skin ulcerations in flatfish, a one‐day monitoring campaign was undertaken in the North Sea. Fifteen fish presented with one or more ulcerations on the pigmented and/or non‐pigmented side. Pathological features revealed various stages of ulcerations with loss of epidermal and dermal tissue, inflammatory infiltrates and degeneration of the myofibers bordering the ulceration, albeit in varying degrees. Upon bacteriological examination, pure cultures of Vibrio tapetis were retrieved in high numbers from five fish and of Aeromonas salmonicida in one fish. The V. tapetis isolates showed cross‐reactivity with the sera against the representative strain of serotype O2 originating form a carpet‐shell clam (Ruditapes descussatus). Moreover, the A. salmonicida isolates displayed a previously undescribed vapA gene sequence (A‐layer type) with possible specificity towards common dab. Further research is necessary to pinpoint the exact role of these agents in the development of skin ulcerations in common dab.     

Impact of Feeding Status on the Efficacy of Depuration for Decontaminating Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes acute human gastroenteritis and is often linked to consumption of raw oysters. Previous investigations indicated that refrigerated seawater depuration at 12.5°C could significantly reduce V. parahaemolyticus contamination in Pacific oysters; however, further optimization is necessary to achieve the regulatory target of >3.52 log most probable number (MPN)/g reduction. The current study investigated influences of algal feeding on efficacy of depuration to reduce V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters. A V. parahaemolyticus cocktail (10290, 10292, 10293, BE 98–2029, 027-1c1) was mixed in artificial seawater (70 L) to inoculate oysters (n = 35) at 4–5 log MPN/g. Inoculated oysters were subjected to depuration with feed (algae = 0.036 ml/gram of oyster) and without feed at 12.5°C. Oysters (n = 5) were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus using a three-tube MPN method after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 6 days of depuration. Depuration (6 days) achieved average V. parahaemolyticus reductions of 2.75 log MPN/g and 3.03 log MPN/g in the fed and unfed systems, respectively; however, feeding status did not significantly impact the efficacy of depuration to reduce V. parahaemolyticus in Pacific oysters. Further optimization of depuration is necessary to achieve the regulatory target for V. parahaemolyticus decontamination in raw oysters.     

冰衣结合茶多酚对南美白对虾冻藏中品质变化的影响

为探究不同成分冰衣对南美白对虾冻藏期间品质变化规律的影响,将南美白对虾分别镀上水冰衣和茶多酚冰衣-18℃冻藏24周,对其色泽、蒸煮损失率、水分分布、水溶性蛋白质量分数、二硫键质量摩尔浓度、羰基质量摩尔浓度和内源荧光强度等指标进行研究。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,南美白对虾虾肉保水性下降,水分由结合水逐渐向不易流动水及自由水迁移,对照组、水冰衣组、茶多酚冰衣组的蒸煮损失率在第24周分别上升至16.47%、13.42%和14.03%;随着时间增加,处理组与对照组的色泽变化具有显著差异(P0.05);水溶性蛋白质量分数、二硫键质量摩尔浓度、羰基质量摩尔浓度增加,对照组、水冰衣组、茶多酚冰衣组的内源荧光强度分别降低了45.86%、37.78%和35.38%,处理组蛋白变性程度均显著优于对照组(P0.05),且添加茶多酚的冰衣能更好的降低蛋白氧化程度。     

Silicon distribution in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China and its implications for phytolith carbon sequestration

Silicon (Si) not only plays an important role in plant growth but also contributes significantly to the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink in the form of phytoliths. This study investigated Si content of 184 plant species in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China to examine the influential factors of Si distribution and evaluate the potential phytolith carbon sequestration of these grasslands. Our results indicated that the average Si content generally decreased in the following order of Equisetopsida > Monocotyledoneae > Dicotyledoneae. Within angiosperms, although most Si accumulator plants were commelinid monocots, many eudicots also accumulated abundant Si in their above‐ground tissues. The Si content of plant above‐ground parts in typical steppe (6.53 ± 2.88 g/kg) was significantly higher than that in meadow steppe (2.15 ± 0.92 g/kg). The estimated phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) production flux in typical steppe (0.81 ± 0.36 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1) was higher than that in meadow steppe (0.54 ± 0.23 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1). This study demonstrates that plant phylogeny influences the Si content of individual species, whereas grassland type with different mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature may significantly affect the abundance of high Si species. We conclude that increasing the abundance of grass species with high Si content in meadow steppe and appropriate grazing and fertilizer application in typical steppe will enhance the phytolith carbon sequestration in grasslands of northern China.     

毛乌素沙地南缘保护性耕作对土壤化学性质的影响

采用免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖(SM)、覆膜(PM)和翻耕(CT)4种耕作措施,研究保护性耕作对毛乌素沙地南缘土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下表层0～20 cm土壤pH值低于覆膜、翻耕。免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷有明显的表层富集现象。随着耕作时间的变化,不同耕作措施下土壤有机质和速效钾都有所增加,免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和翻耕有机质相对于试验开始前分别增加了33.0%、32.3%、31.1%和6.5%,而碱解氮和速效磷有下降的趋势,但保护性耕作条件下其下降率低于翻耕。保护性耕作不利于全氮的积累,经过3年试验后,免耕、秸秆覆盖和覆膜措施下的土壤全氮含量都低于翻耕。耕作措施对全磷的影响不大。说明保护性耕作是实现沙区农田生产力持续发展、保持土壤养分和防治土壤退化行之有效的措施。     

1990～2010年上海海洋大学发表中文论文统计分析

以清华同方的《中国期刊全文数据库》和《中国引文索引》为统计工具,对上海海洋大学1990～2010年发表的论文进行统计分析。其论文发表量在逐年增加;论文主要以水产渔业、食品学科为主;论文平均被引次数超过5次,最高被引频次的论文绝大多数为水产渔业学科论文。     

实施蓝海战略 振兴民族大豆产业

我国大豆产业面对国外大量涌入的转基因大豆的冲击、广大豆农无钱可赚、国产大豆加工企业没有利润空间的严峻形势,只有实施蓝海战略,才能突出重围,谋求新的发展,实现民族大豆产业的振兴。     

热带太平洋中东部大眼金枪鱼摄食强度的时空变化

根据中国金枪鱼渔业观察员项目于2006年2—11月在东太平洋水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集的数据,对大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obseus摄食强度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明：小个体大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较大个体大眼金枪鱼的高,叉长小于140 cm的大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3—4月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较小,5—11月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3月大眼金枪鱼的空胃率相对较高,5—11月大眼金枪鱼空胃率均低于15%;200～350 m水层中大眼金枪鱼的摄食活动非常活跃。各月份（χ2=227.95,P〈0.0001）和不同叉长组（χ2=364.61,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度均存在显著性差异,且不同水层（χ2=178.50,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度也存在显著性差异。     

夏秋季西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生物学的初步研究

根据2007年7-10月我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋传统鱿钓作业渔场(150°～165°E,39°～45°N)渔汛期间所采集的柔鱼样本,对夏秋季柔鱼渔业生物学特性进行初步研究。研究得知,渔获物胴长范围为200～436 mm,平均胴长为282 mm,优势胴长为230～320 mm,占总数的81.60%。各月渔获物中雄性个体的平均胴长小于雌性个体。胴长与体重关系的生长指数接近3。渔获物中的性比符合1∶1(P>0.05),但成熟个体中雄性个体所占比例明显比雌性高(P<0.05)。渔获物的性腺成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为主,雌性个体性腺成熟晚于雄性个体。缠卵腺长和缠卵腺重随着性腺的成熟而逐步增大。渔获物中胴长组成呈双峰型,且未成熟、成熟个体同时存在,由此判断作业海域中柔鱼存在2个种群,即小型的冬春季产卵群体和大型的秋季产卵群体,且以小型的冬春季产卵群体为主。